Tag Question

Tag Question is use at the end of statements, it usually use for confirmation question.
Structure :
Positive Statement, followed negative tag???
Negative Statement, followed Positive tag???
Examples :
Positive Statement :
- We have finished my home work, haven’t we ?
- You study English, aren’t you ?
- He should study harder, shouldn’t he ?
Negative Statement :
- It Isn’t raining, is it ?
- We have never seen that, have we ?
- You don’t like coffe, do you ?
tag questions often use to ask for information or help, starting with a negative
statement. Its also make quite a friendly/polite way of making a request.more examples:
- You don't know of any good jobs, do you?
- You couldn't help me with my homework, could you?
- You haven't got $10 to lend me, have you?
Answer of Question Tag
Examples, with correct answers :
1. The moon goes round the earth, doesn't it? Yes, it does.
2. The earth is bigger than the moon, isn't it? Yes, it is.
3. The earth is bigger than the sun, isn't it? No, it isn't!
4. Asian people don't like rice, do they? Yes, they do!
5. Elephants live in Europe, don't they? No, they don't!
Examples, with incorrect answers :
1. The moon goes round the earth, doesn't it? Yes.
2. The earth is bigger than the moon, isn't it? Yes.
3. The earth is bigger than the sun, isn't it? No.
4. Asian people don't like rice, do they? Yes.
5. Elephants live in Europe, don't they? No.
Question tags with imperatives
Sometimes we use question tags with imperatives for invitations, orders but the
sentence remains an imperative and does not require a direct answer. We use won't for
invitations. We use can, can't, will, would for orders.
Examples :
Invitation.
- Take a seat, wont you ?
Order.
- Close the window, would you ?
- Help me, can’t you ?
Same-way question tags
Question tag not always to use structure positive-negative or negative-positive
sometime possible to use a positive-positive or negative-negative structure. It is same
ways question tags to express interest, surprise, anger etc, and not to make real
questions.
Examples :
· So you're having a baby, are you? That's wonderful!
· She wants to marry him, does she? Some chance!
· So you think that's amusing, do you? Think again.
Negative-negative tag questions usually sound rather hostile:
· So you don't like my looks, don't you?
Tag Questions Quiz
1. He's still sleeping,
2. You go to school
3. Let's go for a walk,
4. We won't be late
5. Nobody called
6. They will wash the car
7. We must lock the doors
8. I'm correct,
9. So you bought a car, Congratulations!
10.You wouldn't want to invite my Dad
Articles
Indefinite ( a, an )
Uses
1. Before a singular noun which is countable when it is mentioned for the first time
and represents no particular person or thing.
"A horse is a noble animal."
2. Before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of
things.
"A book is something you read."
3. With a noun complement, including names of professions.
"She is a doctor, he became a famous actor."
4. In certain numerical expressions.
"a dozen, a hundred"
5. In expressions of price, speed, ratio.
"60 miles an hour, 4 hours a day, 30p a box"
6. With "few" and "little"
"a few people, a little sugar"
7. In exclamations before singular, countable nouns. "What a pity! What a sunny
day!"
8. It can be placed before Mr., Mrs, Miss, Ms + surname.
"a Mr. Brown phoned today."
Not Used
1. Before plural nouns.
"Horses are noble animals."
2. Before uncountable nouns
"Milk is good for you."
3. Before abstract nouns.
"Fear is natural."
4. Before names of meals except when preceded by an adjective.
"We had a late breakfast and decided to miss lunch."
Definite — the
Uses
1. Before nouns of which there is only one.
"The earth is round."
2. Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a
second time.
"We saw a good film last night. It was the film you recommended."
3. Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause.
"The woman dressed in black."
4. Before a noun which, by reason of locality, can represent only one particular
thing.
"There’s a bee in the kitchen."
5. Before superlatives and "first", "second" and "only"
"The longest river in the world."
6. Before singular nouns used to represent a class of objects.
"The donkey is a very obstinate animal."
7. Before an adjective used to represent a class of persons.
"That tax hurts the rich."
8. Before names of seas, rivers, chains of mountains, groups of islands and plural
names of countries.
"the Pacific Ocean, the Thames, the Andes, the West Indies, the Netherlands"
9. Before musical instruments.
"She plays the piano"
Not Used
1. Before countries, towns, proper names.
"Charlie lived in Chicago in America"
2. Before abstract nouns.
"Jealousy can be dangerous."
3. Before parts of the body and articles of clothing — these normally prefer a
possessive adjective.
"Lift your left arm."
"He removed his hat."
Passive
subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle)
Sometimes a modal verb can be used before the auxiliary verb:
subject + modal verb (could)+ auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle)
We use the passive when:
· we want to make the active object more important
· we do not know the active subject
Relative Pronouns
1. Relative pronouns do two jobs at once:
a. acting as subject or object of a verb
b. joining two clauses together
2. The most common are: who, whom, which and that — who and whom for people
and which for things.
3. Whom is not used much in conversation and refers to an object of a verb or a
preposition.
4. That can often replace whom, who and which.
5. After nouns referring to times and places, when and where can be used to mean at
which or in which and why can be used to mean for which.
6. Whose is a possessive relative word, referring to people and things.
Particular
1. Defining and non-defining relative clauses
Compare:
"George, who lives next door, always watches television."
"The couple who live next door always watch television.»
2. That
a) For people and things and in conversation.
b) After the following: all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, little,
few, much.
c) After superlatives.
3. In defining relative clauses the relative pronoun is often left out if it is the object of
the verb.
4. Prepositions can come before the relative pronoun or at the end of the clause but
you cannot use that or who after a preposition.
5. In a non-defining relative clause that cannot be used and object relative pronouns
cannot be left out.
6. Sentence Relative
Compare:
"He showed me a photo that upset me."
"He tore up the photo, which upset me."
7. Relative and infinitive
"He was unhappy unless he had someone with whom to argue."
8. Whose can refer to people or things and can be the subject of a clause, the object
of a verb or the object of a preposition.
9. Instead of whose, of which can be used.
Conjunction
They can be appealing but sometimes you want to expand your ideas and that's when
you make use of the joining words, called "conjunctions". They come in different shapes
and sizes with of course different meanings and uses. They start small like "and", "but"
and "as" growing into the larger varieties like "though" and "although".
Indirect speech
Indirect Speech (also known as Reported Speech) refers to a sentence reporting what
someone has said.If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will
be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original.
Example:
1. She said her job was interesting.
If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says)
the tense is retained.
Example:
1. Our new colleague will say that he speaks French every day.
If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained or even the future tensed
can be used.
Example:
1. My wife said that she will always love me no matter what.
Adverb
We use an adverb when we want to describe an activity as in this example:
They speak English too quickly for me.
Please be aware that there are quite a number of adverbs that don't have the ending
«ly». Here are some examples:
• fast
• well
• often
There are several types of adverb:
manner - place - time - frequency - degree.
ADVERBS OF MANNER
This adverb usually comes after the direct object or if there is no direct object, after the
verb:
She speaks Italian beautifully.
You must drive your car carefully.
ADVERBS OF PLACE
This adverb usually comes after the object, otherwise after the verb:
We saw you there.
We were sitting here.
We looked everywhere.
ADVERBS OF TIME
This adverb usually comes either at the very beginning of the sentence or at the end.
Afterwards we decided to go by car. I've done that journey before.
Note: yet and still: yet should be placed at the end of the sentence.
Still should be placed before the verb, except with the verb 'to be' when it comes after.
We haven't started yet.
He still wears old-fashioned clothes.
She is still a student.
Compare these two sentences:
The train still hasn't arrived.
The train hasn't arrived yet.
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
This adverb comes after the verb 'to be':
She is always honest.
Comes before simple tenses of all other verbs:
They sometimes spend the whole of Saturday fishing.
Comes after the first auxiliary in a tense consisting of more than one verb:
I have often wondered how they did that.
I can sometimes go without food for days.
Note: with 'used to' and 'have' the frequency adverb is usually placed in front:
We always used to look forward to the school holidays.
He never has any trouble with his old car.
ADVERBS OF DEGREE
This adverb can modify an adverb or an adjective and comes before the word it
modifies:
The bottle is almost full, nearly empty.
They should be able to pass their exams quite easily.
The following adverbs of degree can also modify verbs:
almost, nearly, quite, hardly, scarcely, barely, just
They follow the same pattern as frequency adverbs in terms of where they are placed:
I quite understand.
We had almost reached the hut when the rain started.
I am just beginning a new course.
INVERSION
If you begin a sentence with one of the following, the normal word order changes - the
verb comes first followed by the subject:
never, seldom, scarcely ..... when, no sooner ..... than, nowhere, in no circumstances, on
no account, only then, not only
Seldom has one century seen so many changes.
No sooner did we hear the results when there was a knock at the door.
Never would I be persuaded to buy a secondhand car.
Usual word order with different adverbs: MANNER PLACE TIME
She sang beautifully in the concert hall last night.
Conditionals
4 types of conditional
1. If you squeeze an icicle in your hands it melts.
2. If it rains tomorrow we will stay at home.
3. If I were a millionaire I would share the money with you.
4. If you hadn't called me last night I would have slept peacefully.